(Blood Pressure, High; Essential Hypertension; Idiopathic Hypertension; Primary Hypertension)
High blood pressure – Definition
High blood pressure is abnormally high blood pressure with no known cause. Blood pressure measurements are read as two numbers:
- Systolic pressure: higher number, normal reading is 120 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) or less
- Diastolic pressure: lower number, normal reading is 80 mmHg or less
High blood pressure is defined as systolic pressure greater than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure greater than 90 mmHg. You are considered prehypertensive if your systolic blood pressure is between 120-139 mmHg, or your diastolic pressure is between 80- 89 mmHg. Your doctor will recommend monitoring and lifestyle changes.
High blood pressure puts stress on the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys, and blood vessels. Over time, this condition can damage these organs and tissues.
High blood pressure – Causes
The cause of essential hypertension is not known.
High blood pressure – Risk Factors
These factors increase your chance of developing high blood pressure. Tell your doctor if you have any of these risk factors:
- Sex:
- Male
- Postmenopausal female
- Race: Black
- Age: middle-aged and older
- Overweight
- Heavy drinking of alcohol
- Smoking
- Use of oral contraceptives (birth control pills)
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Family history
- Kidney disease
- Diabetes
- High-fat, high-salt diet
- Stress
High blood pressure – Symptoms
High blood pressure usually does not cause symptoms. But, the condition can still damage your organs and tissues.
Occasionally, if blood pressure reaches extreme levels, you may have the following:
- Headache
- Blurry or double vision
- Abdominal pain
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Dizziness
High blood pressure – Diagnosis
High blood pressure is often diagnosed during a doctor’s visit. Blood pressure is measured using an arm cuff and a special device. If your reading is high, you’ll come back for repeat checks. If you have three visits with readings over 140/90 mmHG, you will be diagnosed with high blood pressure.
Your doctor will order tests to make sure your high blood pressure is not caused by another condition. You will also be tested to see if the high blood pressure has cause any problems.
Tests include:
- Blood tests
- Urine tests
- Chest x-rays — a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body
- Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) — a test that records the heart’s activity by measuring electrical currents through the heart muscle
High blood pressure – Treatment
Lifestyle Changes
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Begin a safe exercise program with the advice of your doctor.
- If you smoke, quit.
- Eat a healthful diet, one that is low-fat, low-salt, and rich in fiber, fruits, and vegetables. Your doctor may recommend the DASH diet, which is designed to reduce blood pressure.
- Drink alcohol in moderation (no more than two drinks per day for men, one drink per day for women).
- Manage stress.
Medications
These include:
- Diuretics
- Beta blockers
- Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)
- Calcium channel blockers
- Angiotensin receptor blockers
- Aldosterone blockers
- Alpha blockers
- Alpha-beta blockers
- Nervous system inhibitors
- Vasodilators
Note: Untreated high blood pressure can lead to:
- Heart disease
- Heart attack
- Stroke
- Kidney damage
If you are diagnosed with high blood pressure, follow your doctor’s instructions.
High blood pressure – Prevention
To help reduce your risk of getting high blood pressure, take the following steps:
- Eat a well-balanced diet. The DASH diet — rich in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy foods, and low in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol — may help keep your blood pressure in the healthy range.
- Exercise regularly.
- Maintain a healthy weight. (Your body mass index should be below 25.)
- If you smoke, quit.
- Drink alcohol in moderation. Moderate is two or fewer drinks per day for men and one or fewer drinks per day for women and older adults.
